Notes text for the 
"Casus Belli: Magna Bellum Borealis 1700-1721" Scenario v2.5
by Vegard Bjrketun
_______________________________________________________________________
FIRST OF ALL:

Thanks For Downloading This Scenario. Hopefully, You Won't Regret It!

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Title   :  Casus Belli: Magna Bellum Borealis 1700-1721

Theatre :  Northern Europe

Length  :  February 1700 - December 1721

Players :  Russia
           Prussia
           Denmark-Norway
           Sweden
           Poland-Saxony
           Holstein-Gottorp

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Magna Bellum Borealis - The Great Northern War

This scenario is about the war known as the Great Northern War,
sometimes the Second Great Northern War, in English literature.

Fought between Sweden on one side, and an alliance consisting of 
Denmark-Norway, Poland-Saxony and Russia on the other, this was 
a war destined to change European politics forever. 
Historically, it saw the decline of Sweden as the major power in
the Baltic, and the ascendance of the Russian Empire in her place.

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_______________________________________________________________________
GENERAL INFORMATION:

Before you start playing, please be aware of the following:

*In this scenario, the names of monarchs and cities are spelled like 
 they originally were in the 1700s. Consequently, they may vary from
 what you are used to.
 Exception: "Tzar Pyotr I" of Russia, westernized to "Tzar Peter I".

*Please note that the Prussians' alliance with both Russia, Sweden, 
 Denmark-Norway and Poland-Saxony in the starting year 1700 isn't
 historically accurate. The reason for this alliance to be included
 in the scenario, is to prevent Prussia from entering the war before
 she historically did. (Thanks to John Ellis for help on this one.)

*Please note that ordering your scientists to pursuit a tech, using
 the Science Advisor, MAY cause the scenario to crash. 
 (No point in trying to develop a tech anyway, as this is an out-
 and-out war scenario. You've been given every tech you need.)

*Don't bother playing the Duchy of Holstein-Gottorp. The only reason
 it is included is to make the scenario more historically accurate.

*It is impossible to relocate the (build a new) Royal Palace. 
 This way, all historical capitals remain capitals throughout
 the scenario, and it makes it even more important to defend
 your nation's capital at all costs.  

*Coastal fortresses cannot be built, but the capitals of Sweden and 
 Denmark-Norway; Stockholm and Kibenhavn, have got this improvement.
 I strongly advice you NOT to sell these buildings.

*"Grassland", "Scrub" and "Plains" squares are STACKABLE.
 (Exception: The Ukrainean steppes.) 

*The Great Northern War ended on August 30th 1721, with the Peace of
 Nystad. In this scenario, however, the war may very well continue 
 until December 1721. (FOUR bonus months of warfare - Hooray!)
_______________________________________________________________________
WHOM TO PLAY:

RUSSIA
======
The Russian Empire starts out with the largest population, 
and has also got a very good potential for economic growth. 
You have no access to the Baltic Sea however, and as your
goal is to gain access to Western European markets and to 
have an influence on Western politics, you'll have to get 
a "window to the west"; a Baltic port. 

Once the war upon Sweden has been declared, your first 
goals should be Narva and perhaps Dorpat, before turning
to Finland. The capture of Nyen is crucial, as it will
grant you the ability of constructing vessels.
                 
PRUSSIA
=======
Prussia, or actually Brandenburg-Prussia, is probably the 
potentially most boring nation to play. With a government
form similar to the Republic, conquest isn't too easy, 
although your smallish army is strong. As you'll have to 
keep near your cities, I wouldn't consider main Sweden a 
target at all. 

Warfare won't be possible the first 159 turns, so relax
and build yourself a Commerce Empire in the meantime. 
When the time comes, try to conquer the German provinces
of Sweden; Pomerania, Rgen island, Wismar, etc. 
  

SWEDEN
======
The size of your Kingdom is considerable, but your defence
has got some serious cracks. The army is  g r e a t , both 
in size and quality, but you'll need it, as all your neigh-
bouring countries will attempt to challenge your dominance
over the Baltic. 

If you are to succeed in taking control of the Baltic, you
will have to eliminate the superb Danish Navy. Buy infantry
units to strenghten the defence of the cities in the Baltic
provinces and Finland, and ship reinforcements for Reval 
across the Baltic. Attack Poland from both Pomerania and 
Livonia, marching straight for the heart of Poland, ignoring
Saxony until you've captured and secured Warszawa. When you 
have eliminated Saxony, I suggest you turn eastwards again.

DENMARK-NORWAY
==============
Your most important weapon is your huge, all-veteran Navy, 
which represents a great threath to the Swedish dominance of
the Baltic, with its capability to cut off the supply lines
and lines of communication between Swedish provinces and main
Sweden.

Once war is declared, conquer all of Holstein-Gottorp (you'll
manage it in one turn) and defeat the Swedes in the provinces
of Werden and Brehmen [which quite surprisingly didn't include
the CITY of Bremen]. Later, you might want to try landing in
Scania, while simultanously launching an attack from Norway.
 
POLAND-SACHSEN
==============
The Polish-Saxons start out with the second largest population, 
The army is fairly large, but very weak. After your (probably)
early conquest of Kokenhusen in Swedish Livonia, many defeats
await you. Your Navy is a laughing matter, so is your Polish 
army. Your Saxon army, however, is a bit better, but still no 
match to the Swedes. 

If you can, try to hang on to Kokenhusen, perhaps you'll be
able to conquer Wolmar also, while producing artillery pieces
like a madman. Then take on Riga.    

HOLSTEIN-GOTTORP
================
The duchy of Holstein-Gottorp will last 2 turns, until Denmark
declares war. DO NOT play the Holstein-Gottorpers.

_______________________________________________________________________
ABOUT THE WARFARE:

*The Bomb Ketch is the ONLY vessel that may attack land targets.
 This prevents an entire fleet from conducting suicidal attacks on
 heavily defended coastal cities. 
 
*ONLY the Swedes and Russians can build pikemen:

 -Pechta Zhka      (Russians)
 -Pik Infanteri      (Swedes)
 
 Although being an anachronism in the rest of Europe, pikes were
 still used extensively by both the Swedish and Russian armies
 during the Great Northern War. 

*Some units can NOT be built. These units are:

 -Fortress           (ANY PLAYER)
 -Garrison           (ANY PLAYER)
 -Town		     (ANY PLAYER)
 -Knigliche Garde   (Prussians)             [1]
 -Frstliche Garde   (Poles and Saxons)      [2]
 -Preobrazhenskoye   (Russians)              [3]
 -Koningens Lifgarde (Danes and Norwegians)  [4]
 -Silver Mine        (Danes and Norwegians)
 -Lifdrabants        (Swedes)                [5]
 -Silver Mine        (Swedes)
 -Gathenhielm Raider (Swedes)                [6]

 [1]-[6]: New units will, more or less frequently,
          appear in the scenario.
          
 In addition, there are ELEVEN special 'Commander' units:

 *MENSHIKOV         (Russians)
 *VON MNNICH       (Russians)

 *VON ANHALT-DESSAU (Prussians)

 *AF GOTTORP        (Swedes)
 *LEWENHAUPT        (Swedes)
 *MAZEPA            (Swedes)
 *STENBOCK          (Swedes)
 *PONIATOWSZKY      (Swedes)

 *TORDENSKIOLD      (Danes and Norwegians)
 *REVENTLOW         (Danes and Norwegians)

 *VON FLEMMING      (Poles and Saxons)
_______________________________________________________________________
HISTORY OF THE WAR:

(A Prelude To War...)

1682 = The standing army of the Russian Empire, the Strelits
       guard, arranges a coup du tat after 10-year-old Tzar 
       Peter's ascendence to the throne, establishing Sofia,
       sister of Peter, as Tzarina of Russia.

1689 = After another coup du tat, young Peter, this time
       SUPPORTED by the Strelits guard, can ascend the
       throne of Russia again.

1694 = Friedrich August the Strong becomes Elector of Saxony.
       He is a cousin of both the future Kings of Sweden and
       of Denmark-Norway.

1697 = Carl XII, aged 15, ascends the throne of Sweden.

     = Friedrich August, Elector of Saxony, ascends the Polish
       throne as King August II.
       He is planning to form an anti-Swedish pact between
       Poland-Saxony, Russia and Denmark-Norway.

1698 = The youngest sister of King Carl XII, Hedewig Sofia, 
       marries Duke Friderich of Holstein-Gottorp, confirming
       the Holstein-Swedish alliance.

     = Polish and Danish diplomats secretly form a military
       alliance to end Swedish dominance in the Baltic.
     
     = While Tzar Peter is abroad, the Strelits guard attempts to
       dethrone him in YET ANOTHER coup du tat!
       However, the Russian Tzar and his personal guard, the 
       Preobrazhenskoye regiment, are able to quell the rebellion. 
       Thousands of Strelits guards are executed, others deported.
       The Strelits guard remains, but has no political influence.  

1699 = Tzar Peter I of Russia agrees to join the anti-Swedish pact.

     = Friderich IV ascends the throne of Denmark-Norway.   
       
(The Great Northern War...) 

1700 = In February, August II of Poland-Saxony orders a Saxon army to
       attack Swedish Livonia. The King's Polish army doesn't take
       part in the attack, as the Polish Parliament still hasn't had
       time to give its approval to a declaration of war. 
       The Saxons seize the city of Kokenhusen in the east, but fails
       to capture the key city of Riga. This is to prove deceisive to 
       their campaign.
              
     = Denmark-Norway declares war on Sweden and launches attacks on          
       the duchy of Holstein-Gottorp and Swedish Bremen and Verden. 
              
     = Supported by British and Dutch war fleets, the Swedes land
       near Kibenhavn, forcing Danish King Friderich IV to surrender. 
       The Danish troops are withdrawn from Holstein-Gottorp.

     = Without a declarence of war, Russian forces attack Narva,
       Swedish Estonia, laying siege on the city.
                
     = A Swedish army of 9,000 men thoroughly defeats a Russian army
       of 44,000 at Narva, eastern Estonia.
       
1701 = In the battle known as The Crossing of River Dna, a Swedish 
       army of 7,000 defeats a Polish-Saxon army numbering 20,000. 
       Carl XII advances through Courland and Lithuania towards
       Poland.
         
     = In the battle of Rauge, Livonia, 2,000 Swedes under the 
       command of von Schlippenbach defeat 9,000 Russians under
       Sheremetyev.

1702 = The Swedes conquer Warszawa without battle, bribes the
       garrison in Krakow to surrender, and defeat the Polish-
       Saxon army in the battle of Kliszow, where 12,000 Swedes 
       fought 24,000 Poles and Saxons.

     = While King Carl XII is busy in Poland, Tzar Peter attacks
       fortress Nteborg in eastern Ingria with 12,000 men.
       After repelling three attacks, the 300 Swedish defenders
       decides to retreat westwards, to Viborg.

1703 = The strong Polish garrison in Thorn surrenders to the
       Swedish army after 5 months of brave resistance.

     = The Russian army invades Swedish Ingria, seizing the cities
       of Jama, Kopore and Nyen. Nyen is immediately renamed 
       "St.Petersburg".
       With the conquest of Ingria, the Russians have split the 
       Swedish forces in Finland from those in Estonia and Livonia.
       
     = Swedish General Adam Ludwig Lewenhaupt defeats a Saxon-Russian
       army of 6,000 men with his 1,000 Swedes at Saladen, Courland.
       
1704 = Poland surrenders to the Swedes. 
       The Polish Parliament is forced to accept pro-Swedish nobleman
       Stanislaw Leszczynsky of Posen as the new King of Poland. 
       August II's Saxon army however, continues the war and 10,000 
       men are sent towards Warszawa to prevent Leszczynsky's crowning.
       Swedish Lieutenant-General Nieroth and his 2,000 dragoons 
       intercept the Saxon army at Rakowitz, a suburb to Warszawa,
       and win a total victory.

     = A Russian army of 8,000 defeat Schlippenbach's 3,500 Swedes 
       near Dorpat. They then capture Narva and Ivangorod in Estonia.
       Meanwhile, in Jakobstadt, Courland, Swedish General Carl Adam
       Lewenhaupt defeats a Russian army of 15,000 men with his 3,080
       Swedes and 2,000 Poles. 

1705 = The Swedish army in Poland invades Saxony.

     = Swedish General Carl Adam Lewenhaupt's 7,000 men defeats a
       Russian invasion army of 12,000 men near Gemuerthof, Livonia.

     = Tzar Peter finally dissolves the rebellious Strelits guard.

1706 = Carl XII and the Swedish main army of 20,000 men, drives the
       Russian main with its 34,000 into a desperate retreat from
       Grodno to Pinsk, where the Swedes finally halt to get supplies.
       By driving off the Russian main army, King Carl XII has won
       his greatest victory ever, without even being in contact with
       the enemy: 17,000 Russian soldiers have died during the re- 
       treat, due to the extreme cold and lack of food supplies.   
         
     = Saxony surrenders to the might of the Swedish army.
       August II abdicates from the throne of Poland.

1707 = King Carl XII of Sweden moves the Swedish army to Lithuania.

1708 = Carl XII's army invades Russia. 
       The Russian main army is defeated in the battle of Holowczyn,
       west of Smolensk. 
       The Swedish main army advance southwards, into the Ukraine,
       where they rendezvous with Cossack Hetman Ivan Mazepa, who has
       started a pro-Swedish rebellion against Tzar Peter the Great.
       The main army then halts to wait for General Lewenhaupt's
       reinforcement army.         

     = General Carl Adam Lewenhaupt and his reinforcement army of 
       11,000 men suffer a defeat in the battle of Lyesznaya. 
       Lewenhaupt is forced to abandon all his artillery and the 
       desperately needed supplies, but he is able to reach and join
       the main army with his remaining 6,700 men, after a perfectly
       conducted forced march.

     = Swedish Major-General Georg Lybecker attacks enemy-held Ingria 
       with his 12,000 men. He retakes Kopore, but is forced to retreat
       to Viborg at the end of the year, due to the lack of supplies.

1709 = The Swedish invasion army is practically annihilated in the 
       battle of Poltava, where 17,000 Swedes attacked the Russian 
       main army of 40,000 men. The retreating remnants of the 
       Swedish army, about 10,000 men, is later forced to surrender 
       to the Russians at Perevolotnya. 
       King Carl XII flees with 1,300 men of his Royal guard to the           
       Ottoman Empire, where they stay the next 5 years.
      
     = As the news of the Swedish defeat at Poltava reaches western
       Europe, King Friderich IV of Denmark-Norway declares war on 
       Sweden again. 
       The Danish army under General Reventlow invades Scania.

     = August II returns to Poland with the Saxon army, and Stanislaw
       is forced to abdicate. 
       Once again, August II is King of Poland.

1710 = The Swedes under General Stenbock thoroughly defeat the Danes
       in the battle of Helsingborg, and thus force the Danes out of
       Scania.

     = The Russian army completes the conquest of the Swedish Baltic,
       capturing Riga and Reval. 
       Then, Tzar Peter turns to Finland, conquering Viborg.

1711 = King Carl XII of Sweden persuades the Ottoman Sultan to declare
       war on Russia. This war ends with a Russian defeat. 
       However, a peace agreement between the Sultan and the Tzar is
       signed before the Swedes are able to take advantage of the 
       situation.       

1712 = The Danes conquer Swedish Brehmen and Werden.

     = The 14,000 men in the Swedish army in Gottorp defeat a joint
       Danish-Saxon army of 18,000 in the battle of Gadebusch.

     = A joint Danish-Saxon-Russian army lays siege to Stralsund.

     = St.Petersburg (former Nyen) becomes capital of Russia.

1713 = The Swedish army in Holstein-Gottorp burns the Danish-held
       city of Altona, Holstein, as a reply to the Danish burning
       of Stade, capital of Swedish Werden-Brehmen. 
       Later that year, the army is forced to retreat northwards
       by an overwhelming Danish-Russian army. The 11,000 Swedes
       surrender to the Danish army in Schleswig.

     = England-Hannover declares war on Sweden.

     = Prussia declares war on Sweden and joins the siege of 
       Stralsund.

     = The Russians start a large scale invasion of Finland.
       The outnumbered Swedes mostly avoid contact, with-
       drawing further into the countryside, where they hope
       a good defensive position can be established near the 
       town of Storkyro.

1714 = King Friderich IV of Denmark sells Bremen and Verden to the
       Elector of Hannover, British King George I.

     = All of Finland is conquered by the Russians after the victory
       in the battle of Storkyro, where 15,000 Russians defeated the
       5,000 men under Lieutenant-General Carl Gustaf Armfeldt.

     = Swedish King Carl XII leaves the Ottoman Empire and rides to
       the besieged Stralsund in Swedish Pomerania.

1715 = After King Carl XII's departure from Stralsund, the Swedish
       garrison surrenders to the enemy.

1716 = The Swedish army invades Norway, but after the defeat in the
       naval battle of Dynekilen against Admiral Tordenskiold, the
       army retreats to Sweden.

1717 = The Swedes start preparing a second invasion of Norway.

1718 = A Swedish army of 10,000 men under the command of Lieutenant-
       General Carl Gustaf Armfeldt cross the Tydal mountains, east
       of Throndhiem, and head for the Norwegian city.
       However, the lack of artillery forces Armfeldt to give up 
       the plan of besieging the city.        
       
     = In the meantime, Swedish King Carl XII leads the main Swedish
       army, about 36,000 men, into southeastern Norway.
       The capture of Fortress Friderichsten in Friderichshald is
       crucial to the invaders, as this will secure the Swedish
       supply lines.
       During the siege of Fortress Friderichsten, King Carl XII is
       shot dead while inspecting a Swedish trench. 
       Despite the rumours of an assassination, rumours still alive           
       today, the Swedish King is probably hit incidentally by a              
       shrapnell from the mortar fire of Fort Overbirget, not far 
       from Friderichsten. 
       The Swedish army decides to retreat home to Sweden.

     = A military disaster occurs as Lieutenant-General Armfeldt and 
       his army, now reduced to 8,000 men, retreats across the Tydal
       mountains. The army is surprised by a blizzard, and 6,000 men
       freeze to death. 
       
     = Tzar Peter orders the execution of his only legitimate son, 
       Tzarevitsh Alexis, after an attempted coup du tat.

1719 = Ulrika Eleonora, sister of the late Carl XII, becomes Queen
       of Sweden. 

     = A Russian force lands north of Stockholm, but is defeated in
       the battle of Stket (also known as 'the last battle of the
       Caroleans').

     = Sweden makes peace with England-Hannover by ceding Bremen and
       Verden to Hannover.

1720 = Queen Ulrika Eleonora abdicates. 
       Her husband, Friedrich von Hessen-Cassel, ascends the Swedish
       throne as King Friderich I.

     = The Swedish war fleet defeats the Russian galley fleet in the 
       battle of Ledsund, near land.

     = Sweden makes peace with Friedrich I of Prussia by ceding the 
       southern half of Swedish Pomerania, with Stettin, to Prussia.   
     
     = Sweden makes peace with Friderich IV of Denmark by agreeing to
       pay him the amount of 600,000 Riigsdaler (Rdl), to pay duty 
       to Denmark when passing through the Sound (the channel between          
       Zealand and Scania), and to recognize Holstein-Gottorp as a 
       part of Denmark. 

     = The Swedish King makes peace with August II and recognizes 
       him as King of Poland (formal peace treaty signed 1734). 

1721 = Sweden makes peace with Tzar Peter of Russia, after having 
       ceded Livonia, Estonia, Ingria and parts of Karelia, with 
       the city of Viborg, to the Russians.    
_______________________________________________________________________
CREDITS:

I'd like to thank Beta-tester *John Ellis* for his faithfull
support, friendly advices and constructive criticism, 
without which this scenario never could have been completed.
Your patience and generosity is beyond comprehension!
Ta, mate!

Also thanks to Henrik Lohmander, supplying me with facts that
helped making the scenario more historically accurate,
concerning brothel placement. Don't ever tell me how you
know this, Henrik ;D 

The graphics in this scenario wouldn't have been this
good (sic!) without inspiration from THESE artists:

Ellis,  John   

Longo,  Gary    

Mor,    Alex

Otto,   Stephan

Thanks to all listed above!
_______________________________________________________________________
MILITARIA/HISTORICAL SOURCES (listed alphabetically by title): 

Books:

Title: Atlas of World History (6th Concise Edition)
Publishing House: Times Books
Author/editor: Barraclough, Geoffrey

Title: Danmark-Norge 1380-1814 Bind 3: Truede Tvillingriker 1648-1720 
Publishing House: Universitetsforlaget
Author/editor: Dyrvik, Stle

Title: Campaign Series 34: Poltava 1709 - Russia Comes of Age          
Publishing House: Osprey Military    
Author/editor: Konstam, Angus

Title: Cappelens Verdenshistorie - Historisk Atlas
Publishing House: Cappelen
Author/editor: Rhr, Anders

Title: Etter Kongens Ufravikelige Ordre
Publishing House: C. Huitfeldt Forlag
Author/editor: Kjrmo, Torbjrn

Title: Europeernes Historie
Publishing House: Universitetsforlaget
Author/editor: Delouche, Frdric

Title: Frflutenhetens Landskap
Publishing House: Atlantis
Author/editor: Englund, Peter

Title: Historisk Skoleatlas
Publishing House: Cappelen
Author/editor: Bjrklund, Oddvar

Title: Historisk Vrldsatlas
Publishing House: Knemann
Author/editor: Haywood, John

Title: Karl XII:s Levnad
Publishing House: Norstedts
Author/editor: Bengtsson, Frans G.

Title: Karoliner i Villmark - En Prestasjonsmarsj
Publishing House: M.B. Forlaget
Author/editor: Sulmo, Per

Title: Norsk Forsvarshistorie Bind 1: Krigsmakt og Kongemakt
Publishing House: Eide Forlag
Author/editor: Ersland, Geir Atle / Holm, Terje H.

Title: Poltava              
Publishing House: Atlantis    
Author/editor: Englund, Peter

Title: Seigneur A. de La Motrayes Resor              
Publishing House: Bokfrlaget Rediviva    
Author/editor: de La Motraye, Aubry

Title: Slaveskipet Fredensborg - Den siste reisen 1767-68
Publishing House: C. Huitfeldt Forlag
Author/editor: Aust, Kurt / Wessel, Kin

Title: Svenska Krig - 1521-1814
Publishing House: Hjalmarson & Hgberg
Author/editor: Sundberg, Ulf

Title: Tordenskiold - Admiral og Rebell
Publishing House: FF
Author/editor: Frognes, Dag Reidar

Title: Verdenshistoriens Hvem-Hva-Hvor Bind 1 (1500-1774)
Publishing House: Schibsted
Author/editor: Gaasdalen, Helga

Title: Warfare - Renaissance to Revolution 1492-1792
Publishing House: Cambridge Press
Author/editor: Black, Jeremy

Title: 50 Sekler - Menneskehetens historie gjennom 5000 r
Publishing House: Cappelen
Author/editor: Lidman, Sven

On the Internet:

http://www.algonet.se/~hogman/slkrig.htm                  

                   
--------------------Thanks-in-advance-for-playing!---------------------
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---------------------------Il-Dulce-Duce-------------------------------
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Q: Thoughts? Comments? Flattery? Envy? Rage? Insults? 
   Cheques? C-4? Intermarriage Arrangements? 

A: Ad_infernos@hotmail.com 

